Recuperación de la energía eléctrica desde un motor de inducción controlado mediante un variador de frecuencia

Cuando en una instalación industrial se disponen de motores eléctricos con capacidad de poder generar energía eléctrica, pero son controlados por variadores de frecuencia, estos normalmente impiden que esa energía eléctrica se pueda reutilizar. Aún siendo prácticamente cierto esta imposición de NO APROVECHAMIENTO de energía eléctrica, se pueden buscar exitosamente alternativas que facilite la reutilización de la citada energía. En este artículo, que pone de manifiesto le forma de poder salvar el impedimento antes mencionado y se analiza el método alternativo y modos de optimizar la energía eléctrica que se puede generar. En este trabajo se pone como ejemplo de estas técnicas la posibilidad de aprovechamiento de la energía en el tiempo regenerativo de los motores asíncronos utilizados en ascensores. Todo ello teniendo en cuenta que la extensión de este trabajo solo permite realizar un análisis muy elementalPuche Panadero, R. (2013). Recuperación de la energía eléctrica desde un motor de inducción controlado mediante un variador de frecuencia. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/3201

Nuevos métodos de diagnosis de excentricidad y otras asimetrías rotóricas en máquinas eléctricas de inducción a través del análisis de la corriente estatórica

Las máquinas eléctricas de inducción están presentes en la mayoría de los procesos productivos (suponen alrededor de un 90% del total de máquinas eléctricas existentes en el mercado), gracias a su simplicidad constructiva y a su fiabilidad. Por motivos de producción y sobre todo económicos se hace necesario poder diagnosticas y detectar los posibles fallos que puedan surgir, incluso de modo incipiente, para evitar paradas no programadas con las consecuencias negativas que esto supone. De ahí que en las últimas décadas se hayan realizado inversiones tanto económicas como humanas para investigar y desarrollar técnicas no invasivas que sean capaces de detectar y diagnosticar los fallos o averías que puedan surgir. Además es muy recomendable que estas técnicas puedan ser aplicadas en línea, sin necesidad de parar la máquina eléctrica y bajo cualquier régimen de funcionamiento. Tradicionalmente, la detección y diagnosis de fallos en las máquinas eléctricas se ha realizado en régimen permanente. Inicialmente, se utilizó la medida de las vibraciones de la máquina. Desde hace unos años se está investigando y experimentando con la medida de la corriente estatórica, basándose principlamente en el análisis frecuencial mediante la transformada de Fourier. Recientemente, se están aplicando nuevas técnicas avanzadas de análisis de señal para sustituir a la transformada de Fourier, ya que esta presenta problemas indeseados, como por ejemplo el efecto de dispersión de la señal o comúnmente denominado como efecto "leakage". También se ha comenzado a utilizar señales capturadas en régimen transitorio, principlameante la corriente de la máquina eléctrica consumida en el aarranque, para su posterior análisis mediante la transformada wavelets y a través de esta transformada diagnosticar y detectar las posibles averías. Esta es una de las líneas principales de desarrollo del grupo de investigación al que pertenezco. En la presente tesis se desarrollan cuatro nuevos métodos basados en difPuche Panadero, R. (2008). Nuevos métodos de diagnosis de excentricidad y otras asimetrías rotóricas en máquinas eléctricas de inducción a través del análisis de la corriente estatórica [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3543Palanci

Aplicación de un grupo Electrógeno y la repercusión del tipo de carga

Los grupos electrógenos son muy utilizados como sistema alternativo de suministro eléctrico, son muchas las aplicaciones que se tiene hoy en día para este equipo, todas ellas muy interesantes para los instaladores y los usuarios. En este trabajo se realizan una serie de análisis muy útiles de aplicación que permiten al usuario tomar decisiones de funcionamiento que normalmente son desconocidas para los usuarios.Puche Panadero, R. (2013). Aplicación de un grupo Electrógeno y la repercusión del tipo de carga. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/3201

Diagnosis of Rotor Asymmetries Faults in Induction Machines Using the Rectified Stator Current

(c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.[EN] Fault diagnosis of induction motors through the analysis of the stator current is increasingly being used in maintenance systems, because it is non-invasive and has low requirements of hardware and software. Nevertheless, its industrial application faces some practical limitations. In particular, the detection of fault harmonics that are very close to the fundamental component is challenging, as in large induction motors working at very low slip, because the leakage of the fundamental can hide the fault components until the damage is severe. Several methods have been proposed to alleviate this problem, although all of them increase noticeably the complexity of the diagnostic system. In this paper, a novel method is proposed, based on the analysis of the rectified motor current. It is shown that its spectrum contains the same fault harmonics as the spectrum of the original current signal, but with a much lower frequency, and free from the fundamental component leakage. Besides, the proposed method is very easy to implement, either by software, using the absolute value of the current samples, or by hardware, using a simple rectifier. The proposed approach is presented theoretically and validated experimentally with the detection of a broken bars fault of a large induction motor.This work was supported in part by the Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion yUniversidades (MCIU)," in part by the "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)," and in part by the "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)" in the framework of the "Proyectos I+D+i -Retos Investigacion 2018," under Project RTI2018-102175-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE).Puche-Panadero, R.; Martinez-Roman, J.; Sapena-Bano, A.; Burriel-Valencia, J. (2020). Diagnosis of Rotor Asymmetries Faults in Induction Machines Using the Rectified Stator Current. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 35(1):213-221. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2019.2951008S21322135

A Review of Techniques Used for Induction Machine Fault Modelling

[EN] Over the years, induction machines (IMs) have become key components in industry applications as mechanical power sources (working as motors) as well as electrical power sources (working as generators). Unexpected breakdowns in these components can lead to unscheduled down time and consequently to large economic losses. As breakdown of IMs for failure study is not economically feasible, several IM computer models under faulty conditions have been developed to investigate the characteristics of faulty machines and have allowed reducing the number of destructive tests. This paper provides a review of the available techniques for faulty IMs modelling. These models can be categorised as models based on electrical circuits, on magnetic circuits, models based on numerical methods and the recently proposed in the technical literature hybrid models or models based on finite element method (FEM) analytical techniques. A general description of each type of model is given with its main benefits and drawbacks in terms of accuracy, running times and ability to reproduce a given faultThis work was supported by the Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MCIU)", the "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)" and the "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)" in the framework of the "Proyectos I+D+i-Retos Investigacion 2018", project reference RTI2018-102175-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE)Terrón-Santiago, C.; Martinez-Roman, J.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Sapena-Bano, A. (2021). A Review of Techniques Used for Induction Machine Fault Modelling. Sensors. 21(14):4855-4873. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144855S48554873211

SMARTLAB MAGNETIC: A MODERN PARADIGM FOR STUDENT LABORATORIES

[EN] Undergraduate laboratories should provide means to help the student visualize often complex concepts, to achieve a more lasting understanding and, thus, a more significant learning of the ideas presented in the lectures. However, the laboratories often require students to struggle with complex instrumentation operation and tedious data collection and processing that affect negatively their motivation and distract off the learning objectives. This paper introduces through a specific implementation a recent paradigm for student laboratories, designated as SmartLabs, as an effort to help overcome these drawbacks. SmartLabs Magnetic is a combination of existing magnetic circuits test equipment plus a versatile sensors set combined with a standard and affordable data acquisition card and a portable device App. SmartLab Magnetic collects data during magnetic circuits laboratory tests, processes this data to provide results more easily related to the basic concepts being tested and manages the data into reports that can be sent to the student e-mail account within the App. Students' opinions of the relevance, usefulness, and motivational effect of the new SmartLab Magnetic were very positive.Martinez-Roman, J.; Sapena-Bano, A.; Pineda-Sanchez, M.; Puche-Panadero, R. (2016). SMARTLAB MAGNETIC: A MODERN PARADIGM FOR STUDENT LABORATORIES. Sensors & Transducers. 197(2):58-66. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/99063S5866197

Low-Computational-Cost Hybrid FEM-Analytical Induction Machine Model for the Diagnosis of Rotor Eccentricity, Based on Sparse Identification Techniques and Trigonometric Interpolation

[EN] Since it is not efficient to physically study many machine failures, models of faulty induction machines (IMs) have attracted a rising interest. These models must be accurate enough to include fault effects and must be computed with relatively low resources to reproduce different fault scenarios. Moreover, they should run in real time to develop online condition-monitoring (CM) systems. Hybrid finite element method (FEM)-analytical models have been recently proposed for fault diagnosis purposes since they keep good accuracy, which is widely accepted, and they can run in real-time simulators. However, these models still require the full simulation of the FEM model to compute the parameters of the analytical model for each faulty scenario with its corresponding computing needs. To address these drawbacks (large computing power and memory resources requirements) this paper proposes sparse identification techniques in combination with the trigonometric interpolation polynomial for the computation of IM model parameters. The proposed model keeps accuracy similar to a FEM model at a much lower computational effort, which could contribute to the development and to the testing of condition-monitoring systems. This approach has been applied to develop an IM model under static eccentricity conditions, but this may extend to other fault types.This work was supported by the Spanish "Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MCIU)", the "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI)" and the "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)" in the framework of the "Proyectos I+D+i -Retos Investigacion 2018", project reference RTI2018-102175-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE).Terrón-Santiago, C.; Martinez-Roman, J.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Sapena-Bano, A. (2021). Low-Computational-Cost Hybrid FEM-Analytical Induction Machine Model for the Diagnosis of Rotor Eccentricity, Based on Sparse Identification Techniques and Trigonometric Interpolation. Sensors. 21(21):6963-6987. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21216963S69636987212

Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Electrical Machines in Transient Regime Using a Single Stator Current's FFT

© 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permissíon from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertisíng or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.[EN] The discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has attracted a rising interest in recent years to monitor the condition of rotating electrical machines in transient regime, because it can reveal the time-frequency behavior of the current's components associated to fault conditions. Nevertheless, the implementation of the wavelet transform (WT), especially on embedded or low-power devices, faces practical problems, such as the election of the mother wavelet, the tuning of its parameters, the coordination between the sampling frequency and the levels of the transform, and the construction of the bank of wavelet filters, with highly different bandwidths that constitute the core of the DWT. In this paper, a diagnostic system using the harmonic WT is proposed, which can alleviate these practical problems because it is built using a single fast Fourier transform of one phase's current. The harmonic wavelet was conceived to perform musical analysis, hence its name, and it has spread into many fields, but, to the best of the authors' knowledge, it has not been applied before to perform fault diagnosis of rotating electrical machines in transient regime using the stator current. The simplicity and performance of the proposed approach are assessed by comparison with other types of WTs, and it has been validated with the experimental diagnosis of a 3.15-MW induction motor with broken bars.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion through the Programa Nacional de Proyectos de Investigacion Fundamental under Project DPI2011-23740. The Associate Editor coordinating the review process was Dr. Ruqiang Yan.Sapena-Bano, A.; Pineda-Sanchez, M.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Martinez-Roman, J.; Matic, D. (2015). Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Electrical Machines in Transient Regime Using a Single Stator Current's FFT. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 64(11):3137-3146. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2015.2444240S31373146641

Low-Cost Diagnosis of Rotor Asymmetries in Induction Machines Working at a Very Low Slip Using the Reduced Envelope of the Stator Current

(c) 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.[EN] Fault diagnosis of rotor asymmetries in induction machines working at a very low slip, through Fourier-based methods,usually requires a long acquisition time to achieve a high spectral resolution and a high sampling frequency to reduce aliasing effects. However, this approach generates a huge amount of data, which makes its implementation difficult using embedded devices with small internal memory, such as digital signal processors and field programmable gate arrays or devices with low computing power. In this paper, a new simplified diagnostic signal designated as the reduced envelope of the stator current is introduced to address this problem. The reduced envelope signal is built using only one sample of the current per cycle without any further processing, and it is demonstrated that it carries the same spectral information about the fault as the full-length current signal. Based on this approach, an embedded device has only to store and process a minimal set of samples compared with the raw current signal for a desired resolution. In this paper, the theoretical basis of the proposed method is presented, as well as its experimental validation using two different motors with broken bars: 1) a high-power induction motor working in a factory; and 2) a low-power induction motor mounted in a laboratory test bed.This work was supported by the Spanish "Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad" in the framework of the "Programa Estatal de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad" under Project DPI2014-60881-R. Paper no. TEC-00762-2014.Sapena-Bano, A.; Pineda-Sanchez, M.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Martinez-Roman, J.; Kanovic, Z. (2015). Low-Cost Diagnosis of Rotor Asymmetries in Induction Machines Working at a Very Low Slip Using the Reduced Envelope of the Stator Current. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 30(4):1409-1419. doi:10.1109/TEC.2015.24452161409141930

The Harmonic Order Tracking Analysis (HOTA) for the Diagnosis of Induction Generators Working Under Steady State Regime

[EN] Improved fault diagnostic techniques in induction generators is a field of growing interest given the negative impact * that unexpected breakdowns have on energy production and on the electrical system. New diagnostic techniques based on induction generator currents monitoring have recently been developed, but their use is still irrelevant despite the advantages that presents to detect electrical faults in the generator. This situation is due to the needs of high computing power and memory resources which are not available in embedded devices for on-line monitoring, also, to the use of signal processing techniques that generate volumes of data difficult to transfer to control centres, where they could be processed. This paper proposes the use of a recent methodology known as the harmonic order tracking analysis (HOTA) that solve these problems to for the diagnosis of induction generators. This approach can be implemented in low cost digital devices; the resultant patterns are very simple and easily interpretable, even by nonqualified personnel. Moreover, these patterns are characterized by a very low number of parameters, which make easy their transmission to remote control centres. In this paper the practical application of this approach is proposed using a laboratory test bed.This work was supported by the Spanish "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad" in the framework of the "Programa Programa Estatal de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad¿ (project reference DPI2014-60881-R)Pérez-Cruz, J.; Pérez Vázquez, M.; Pineda-Sanchez, M.; Puche-Panadero, R.; Sapena-Bano, A. (2017). The Harmonic Order Tracking Analysis (HOTA) for the Diagnosis of Induction Generators Working Under Steady State Regime. DEStech Publications. 1864-1869. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/139470S1864186